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Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in the city of Trier in Prussia,
now, Germany. He was one of seven children of Jewish Parents. His father
was fairly liberal, taking part in demonstrations for a constitution for
Prussia and reading such authors as Voltaire and Kant, known for their
social commentary. His mother, Henrietta, was originally from Holland and
never became a German at heart, not even learning to speak the language
properly. Shortly before Karl Marx was born, his father converted the
family to the Evangelical Established Church, Karl being baptized at the
age of six.
Marx attended high school in his home town (1830-1835) where several
teachers and pupils were under suspicion of harboring liberal ideals. Marx
himself seemed to be a devoted Christian with a "longing for self-sacrifice
on behalf of humanity." In October of 1835, he started attendance at the
University of Bonn, enrolling in non-socialistic-related classes like Greek
and Roman mythology and the history of art. During this time, he spent a
day in jail for being "drunk and disorderly-the only imprisonment he
suffered" in the course of his life. The student culture at Bonn included,
as a major part, being politically rebellious and Marx was involved,
presiding over the Tavern Club and joining a club for poets that included
some politically active students. However, he left Bonn after a year and
enrolled at the University of Berlin to study law and philosophy.
Marx's experience in Berlin was crucial to his introduction to Hegel's
philosophy and to his "adherence to the Young Hegelians." Hegel's
philosophy was crucial to the development of his own ideas and theories.
Upon his first introduction to Hegel's beliefs, Marx felt a repugnance and
wrote his father that when he felt sick, it was partially "from intense
vexation at having to make an idol of a view [he] detested." The Hegelian
doctrines exerted considerable pressure in the "revolutionary student
culture" that Marx was immersed in, however, and Marx eventually joined a
society called the Doctor Club, involved mainly in the "new literary and
philosophical movement" who's chief figure was Bruno Bauer, a lecturer in
theology who thought that the Gospels were not a record of History but that
they came from "human fantasies arising from man's emotional needs" and he
also hypothesized that Jesus had not existed as a person. Bauer was later
dismissed from his position by the Prussian government. By 1841, Marx's
studies were lacking and, at the suggestion of a friend, he submitted a
doctoral dissertation to the university at Jena, known for having lax
acceptance requirements. Unsurprisingly, he got in, and finally received
his degree in 1841. His thesis "analyzed in a Hegelian fashion the
difference between the natural philosophies of Democritus and Epicurus"
using his knowledge of mythology and the myth of Prometheus in his chains.
In October of 1842, Marx became the editor of the paper Rheinische Zeitung,
and, as the editor, wrote editorials on socio-economic issues such as
poverty, etc. During this time, he found that his "Hegelian philosophy was
of little use" and he separated himself from his young Hegelian friends
who only shocked the bourgeois to make up their "social activity." Marx
helped the paper to succeed and it almost became the leading journal in
Prussia. However, the Prussian government suspended it because of
"pressures from the government of Russia." So, Marx went to Paris to
study "French Communism." In June of 1843, he was married to Jenny Von
Westphalen, an attractive girl, four years older than Marx, who came from a
prestigious family of both military and administrative distinction.
Although many of the members of the Von Westphalen family were opposed to
the marriage, Jenny's father favored Marx. In Paris, Marx became
acquainted with the Communistic views of French workmen. Although he
thought that the ideas of the workmen were "utterly crude and
unintelligent," he admired their camaraderie. He later wrote an article
entitled "Toward the Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right" from
which comes the famous quote that religion is the "opium of the people."
Once again, the Prussian government interfered with Marx and he was
expelled from France. He left for Brussels, Belgium, and , in 1845,
renounced his Prussian nationality. During the next two years in Brussels,
the lifelong collaboration with Engels deepened further. He and Marx,
sharing the same views, pooled their "intellectual resources" and
published The Holy Family, a criticism of the Hegelian idealism of Bruno
Bauer. In their next work, they demonstrated their materialistic
conception of history but the book found no publisher and "remained unknown
during its author's lifetimes."
It is during his years in Brussels that Marx really developed his views and
established his "intellectual standing." From December of 1847 to January
of 1848, Engels and Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto, a document
outlining 10 immediate measures towards Communism, "ranging from a
progressive income tax and the abolition of inheritances to free education
for all children." When the Revolution erupted in Europe in 1848, Marx was
invited to Paris just in time to escape expulsion by the Belgian government.
He became unpopular to German exiles when, while in Paris, he opposed
Georg Hewegh's project to organize a German legion to invade and "liberate
the Fatherland." After traveling back to Cologne, Marx called for
democracy and agreed with Engels that the Communist League should be
disbanded. During this time, Marx got into trouble with the government; he
was indicted on charges that he advocated that people not pay taxes.
However, after defending himself in his trial, he was acquitted unanimously.
On May 16, 1849, Marx was "banished as an alien" by the Prussian
government.
Marx then went to London. There, he rejoined the Communist League and
became more bold in his revolutionary policy. He advocated that the people
try to make the revolution "permanent" and that they should avoid
subservience to the bourgeois peoples. The faction that he belonged to
ridiculed his ideas and he stopped attending meetings of the London
Communists, working on the defense of 11 communists arrested in Cologne,
instead. He wrote quite a few works during this time, including an essay
entitled "Der Achtzenhnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte" (The Eighteenth
Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte) and also a pamphlet written on the behalf of
the 11 communists he was defending in Cologne.
From 1850 to 1864, Marx lived in poverty and "spiritual pain," only taking
a job once. He and his family were evicted from their apartment and
several of his children died, his son, Guido, who Marx called "a sacrifice
to bourgeois misery" and a daughter named Franziska. They were so poor
that his wife had to borrow money for her coffin.
Frederich Engels was the one who gave Marx and his family money to survive
on during these years. His only other source of money was his job as the
European correspondent for The New York Tribune, writing editorials and
columns analyzing everything in the "political universe." Marx published
his first book on economic theory in 1859, called A Contribution to the
Critique of Political Economy.
Marx's "political isolation" ended when he joined the International Working
Men's Association. Although he was neither the founder nor the leader of
this organization, he "became its leading spirit" and as the corresponding
secretary for Germany, he attended all meetings. Marx's distinction as a
political figure really came in 1870 with the Paris Commune. He became an
international figure and his name "became synonymous throughout Europe with
the revolutionary spirit symbolized by the Paris Commune."
An opposition to Marx developed under the leadership of a Russian
revolutionist, Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin. Bakunin was a famed orator
whose speeches one listener described as "a raging storm with lightning,
flashes and thunderclaps, and a roaring as of lions." Bakunin admired
Marx's intellect but was personally opposed to him because Marx had an
"ethnic aversion" to Russians. Bakunin believed that Marx was a "German
authoritarian and an arrogant Jew who wanted to transform the General
council into a personal dictatorship over the workers." Bakunin organized
sections of the International for an attack on the "dictatorship" of Marx
and the General Council. Marx didn't have the support of a right wing and
feared that he would lose control to Bakunin. However, he was successful at
expelling the Bakuninists from the International and shortly, the
International died out in New York.
During the next decade of his life, his last few years, Marx was beset by
what he called "chronic mental depression" and "his life turned inward
toward his family." He never completed any substantial work during this
time although he kept his mind active, reading and learning Russian. In
1879, Marx dictated the preamble of the program for the French Socialist
Workers' Federation and shaped much of its content. During his last years,
Marx spent time in health resorts and dies in London of a lung abscess on
March 14, 1883, after the death of his wife and daughter.
Marx's work seems to be more of a criticism of Hegelian and other
philosophy, than as a statement of his own philosophy. While Hegel felt
that philosophy explained reality, Marx felt that philosophy should be made
into reality, an hard thing to do. He thought that one must not just look
at and inspect the world, but must try to transform the world, much like
Jean Paul Sartre's view that "man must choose what is best for the world;
and he will do so."
Marx is unique from other philosophers in that he chooses to regard man as
an individual, a human being. This is evident in his Economic and
Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. There, he declares that man is a "natural
being" who is endowed with "natural [and] vital powers" that "exist in
him as aptitudes [and] instincts." Humans simply struggle with nature for
the satisfaction of man's needs. From this struggle comes man's awareness
of himself as an individual and as something separate from nature. So, he
seeks to oppose nature. He sees that history is just the story of man
creating and re-creating himself and sees that man creates himself, and
that a "god" has no part in it. Thus, the communist belief in no religion.
Marx also says that the more man works as a laborer, the less he has to
consume for himself because his "product and labor are estranged" from him.
Marx says that because the work of the laborer is taken away and does not
belong to the laborer, the laborer loses his "rightful existence" and is
made alien to himself. Private property becomes a product and cause of
"alienated labor" and through that, causes disharmony. "Alienated labor is
seen as the consequence of market product, the division of labor, and the
division of society into antagonistic classes."
So, capitalism, which encourages the possession of private property,
encourages alienation of man. Capitalism, which encourages the amassment
of money, encourages mass production, to optimize productivity. Mass
production also intensifies the alienation of labor because it encourages
specialization and it makes people view the workers not as individuals but
as machines to do work. It is this attitude that incites the uprisings of
the lower classes against the higher classes, namely, the nobility.
Regarding Marx's attitude toward religion, he thought that religion was
simply a "product of man's consciousness" and that it is a reflection of
the situation of a man who "either has not conquered himself or has already
lost himself again." Marx sums it all up in a famous quote, stating that
religion is "an opium for the people."
Marx's hypothesis of historical materialism contains this maxim; that "It
is not the consciousness of men which determines their existence; it is on
the contrary their social existence which determines their consciousness."
Marx has applied his theory of historical materialism to capitalist society
in both The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, among others. Marx never
really explained his entire theory through but taking the text literally,
"social reality" is arranged in this way: That underlying our society is
economic structure; and That above the foundation of economy rises "legal
and political_forms of social consciousness" that relate back to the
economic foundation of society.
An interesting mark of Marx's analysis of economy is evidenced in Das
Kapital, where he "studies the economy as a whole and not in one or another
of its" parts and sections. His analysis is based on the precept of man
being a productive entity and that "all economic value comes from human
labor."
Marx speaks of capitalism as an unstable environment. He says that its
development is accompanied by "increasing contradictions" and that the
equilibrium of the system is precarious as it is to the internal pressures
resulting from its development. Capitalism is too easy to tend to a
downward spiral resulting in economic and social ruin. An example of the
downward spiral in a capitalist society is inflation. Inflation involves
too much currency in circulation. Because of inflation and the increase in
prices of goods resulting from it, the people of the society hoard their
money which, because that money is out of circulation, causes more money to
be printed. The one increases the effect of the other and thus, the
downward spiral. Marx views revolution with two perspectives. One takes
the attitude that revolution should be a great uprising like that of the
French revolution. The other "conception" is that of the "permanent
revolution" involving a "provisional coalition" between the low and higher
classes. However, an analysis of the Communist Manifesto shows
inconsistencies between the relationship of permanent and violent
revolution; that Marx did not exactly determine the exact relationship
between these two yet.
Aside from the small inconsistencies in Marx's philosophy, he exhibits
sound ideas that do seem to work on paper but fail in the real world where
millions of uncertainties contribute to the error in every social
experiment on Earth. Communism never gets farther than socialism in its
practice in the real world and that is where the fault lies, in the
governments that try to cheat the system while still maintaining their
ideal communist society.
ADDITIONAL FEATURED ESSAYS
Marxs Alienation
Karl Marx, who was arguably one of the most influential philosophers and revolutionaries of his time, stated that the &#
Karl Marx's Estranged Labor
In Karl Marx's early writing on "estranged labor" there is a clear and prevailing focus on the plight of the laborer. Ma
The Meaning Of Society
What is ? It’s a simple word but with a very complicated definition. Society is our own everyday reality. It’s features
Karl Marxs Oppinion On Religio
When Karl Marx said, "Religion is the sign of the oppressed creature, the feeling of a heartless world, just as it is th
Revealing Marx
In Karl Marx's early writing on "estranged labour" there is a clear and prevailing focus on the plight of the labourer.
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