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Computer Simulation


        WARSIM 2000 is simulation software, used by the armed forces. 
Extensive, thorough, and tiring work has been done on thgis program. It
covers almost all aspects and situations required for realistic, meticulous
and a complete simulation. Information Technology has lead to the
advancement of the tools required to build the simulator.  Information
Technolgy's guideleines and technolgy have reinforced this creative
simulator
        General Description of Operational Capability.  WARSIM 2000 will
increase the effectiveness of commander and battle staff training by
dramatically  increasing the realism and the scope of the available
training environment. In  conjunction with other services' simulations,
WARSIM 2000 will provide a complete operational environment with scenarios
drawn from the entire operational continuum to support Army, joint and
coalition force training distributed across the globe.
    a. The WARSIM 2000 simulation system will use a computer-based
simulation and associated hardware to support the training of unit
commanders and their battle staffs from battalion through theater-level as
well as to support training events in educational institutions. Designed
and built using modern computer technology, modern software engineering
techniques, and validated algorithms and databases, it will allow units
world-wide to train using their organizational equipment. A key feature of
the system will be its use of  technology to minimize the total Army's
overhead associated with supporting training. The system will be designed
to meet emerging Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) standards and
protocols to facilitate linkages with DIS compliant simulators and live
training events.
   b. The WARSIM 2000 simulation system will consist of, or use, several
components:
        (1) Computer-based battle simulation models that portray the joint
and combined environment needed to support Army training events.
        (2) Software modules for linking WARSIM 2000 to other simulation
models to expand the training environment for joint force training
exercises.
        (3) Databases.
        (4) Computer systems to run the simulation models and support the
databases.
        (5) Technical control systems/workstations for use by personnel in
an exercise support function e.g., simulation controllers, analysts, and
opposing/ surrounding forces role players.
        (6) Flexible and responsive terrestrial/satellite communications
gateways and media for transmitting voice, data, facsimile, and video
between  different elements at remote locations involved in supporting a
training exercise.
    c.  WARSIM 2000 will meet the Mission Need Statement's (MNS's)
requirement for providing a training environment that will allow unit
commanders and battle staffs to focus their warfighters and systems in
countering threats across the operational continuum. WARSIM 2000 must
provide an environment that presents problems to stress and stimulate
commanders and their  battle staff to assess the situation, determine
courses of action, and plan and issue  new orders in a timely manner, all
while using their organizational equipment and procedures.
    d. Logistical support for WARSIM 2000 will be based on a government-
owned contractor-supported system. The government will own necessary
hardware, have all proprietary rights to the developmental hardware and
software  components, and full license rights to the non-developmental
software  components of WARSIM 2000.  Contracted logistical support will
provide for the maintenance of government-owned computer hardware at all
times.
    e. The acquisition and development strategy for WARSIM 2000 must abide
by several constraints.
        (1) The WARSIM 2000 acquisition must build upon the successful
infrastructure of current simulations so that the training community (Army
and international) can train in an evolutionary progressive yet consistent
manner. The Army has invested significant resources into developing its
training simulation systems, linking them with other service simulations
via the Aggregate Level Simulation Protocol confederation, and
proliferating them throughout the Army and the international community.
While these systems have shortcomings that  must be fixed, they provide a
training environment and representations of combat that have been accepted
by the training community world-wide. The WARSIM 2000 acquisition must
allow the confederation of simulations structure to evolve in a manner that
allows current users (Army and international) to maintain access to the
confederation without having to make a substantial near-term investment in
resources.
         (2) Meeting the WARSIM 2000 requirements will demand significant
technological innovations. However, there are many existing and developing
systems that could and should be part of the overall solution. The
acquisition strategy must ensure that developers optimize the investment of
each service in existing systems (instead of starting from a blank sheet of
paper) and insert echnology into the training environment in a way that
improves training.
        (3) Fielding of new capabilities, whether they be functional
representations or technological enhancements, must be either practically
transparent to the user or be accompanied by training so the user can
understand and receive the benefit of the new capabilities.
        (4 The acquisition strategy must allow for regular user involvement
in the development process. User evaluations and requirements must serve as
a primary source for determining changes to the system. 2. Threat. Rather
than counter a specific threat, WARSIM will provide a training environment
capable of representing threats from across the operational  continuum. 3.
Shortcomings of Existing Systems. Current simulations were designed for
training corps and division staffs on command and control techniques for
Army  operations in mid-intensity combat. Current software is bound to
proprietary operating systems and hardware. The software design, especially
the underlying representation of terrain, precludes representing the
detailed functionality required for  resolving the high resolution
interactions needed to train commanders and battle staffs at levels from
battalion to operational level commanders in joint scenarios for war and
operations other than war. 4. Capabilities Required. WARSIM 2000 will
support commander and battle staff training from battalion up to theater
level. While the major simulation models of WARSIM 2000 will run on
computers housed in fixed regional facilities, transportable Simulation
Support Modules (SSMs) will provide support functions under the control of
a senior controller at locations near the training unit.  Users of the
simulation will train under the guidance of a senior trainer, usually the
unit's commander, the next higher level commander, or an instructor at
institutions. WARSIM will provide users a complete training environment
consisting of simulations, data, support functions and communications.
    a. System Performance. The following description of requirements for
the WARSIM 2000 training environment addresses in turn each of the
functional components described in paragraph 1.b.
        (1) The Simulation. WARSIM 2000's simulation component must have
the following functional characteristics.
            (a) General Attributes.
                (i) Size. The model must be large enough to support a
multi- echelon corps or theater exercise. The model must also be able to
link to other copies of itself to support larger exercises. The simulation
must also be able to support multiple, concurrent, smaller training
exercises, such as several battalion headquarters training independently.
                (ii) Weather. The simulation must accurately portray the
impact that weather elements have on operations (space, air, and ground).
At a minimum, the simulation must account for the following weather
elements: cloud amount and height, visibility, restrictions to visibility
(e.g. precipitation, fog, smoke, dust and sand), precipitation accumulation,
surface wind direction and speed, temperature, relative humidity, altimeter
setting, and solar and lunar light data. These weather elements must be
allowed to range from tropical to arctic regions, to vary over the
geographic area of interest, and to change as often as hourly. In addition,
wind direction and speed and temperature in a vertical profile up to 70,000
feet must be allowed to impact Nuclear Biological and Chemical NBC) weapons
with changes incorporated at least twice per day.
                (iii) Terrain. The simulation must provide a level of
resolution of terrain such that tactical considerations of terrain analysis
and the dynamic effects of man-made or natural occurrences (e.g. bomb
craters, minefields, battle damage on roads, the obstacle effect of rivers,
hydrography, and weather) as considered during Intelligence Preparation of
the Battlefield (IPB) will affect the battle. The minimum acceptable
tactical considerations include the following areas: the impact of line-of-
sight (to include sonar and electromagnetic spectrum considerations of
concealment, thermal, optical and radar visibility, and signal site
emplacement) between potential interactors whether they be sensors or
weapon systems, air, ship, or ground mounted; the ability of terrain to
support the movement of personnel, vehicles and units over time, and the
accurate portrayal of the location of natural and man-made obstacles.  The
outcomes of the simulated events must be sensitive to changes in the
weather (described above in paragraph 4.a.(1)(a)(ii)) as it affects terrain.

                (iv) Time. The simulation must be capable of running faster
than real time to a pre-defined point in time or an event, while requiring
minimal input, and providing summarized output. Users must be able to "age"
the simulation to accommodate a training scenario that describes actions in
the midst of a campaign. The senior controller must be able to have the
simulation start, stop/interrupt, rollback to any specified point in
scenario, restart from a given point or the initial conditions and conduct
concurrent replay. The senior controller must have the capability to change
any attributes of the simulated entities or the game characteristics at any
time.
            (b) Conditions and Constraints.
                (i) Scenarios. The goal is for the simulation to portray
events that could arise from scenarios based on any point in the
operational continuum.  At a minimum, requirements are for scenarios for
war in Europe, Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia and Korea and for operations
other than war in these locations as well as Central and South America and
Africa.
                (ii) Fidelity. The simulation must allow commanders and
battle staffs to do their tasks under the conditions and standards outlined
in the Army Training and Evaluation Program Mission Training Plans (MTPs)
for command groups and staff referenced in Appendix 1 to Annex A.
               (iii) Level of Detail. The simulation must be able to
portray a level of detail that captures the effects of individual entities
on the battle, e.g.,  single weapon platform, emitter, and sensor systems.
Entities that operate near each other as cohesive units can be portrayed in
aggregated units from team to battalion that represent the normal mode of
employment. Individual, low-density, entities that operate in a
geographically dispersed mode must be portrayed as they are employed, e.g.,
signal nodes, radars, jammers, missile and rocket systems, engineer
obstacle systems, and individual surveillance and laser designation systems.
All systems will be portrayed using performance data appropriate to the 
level of classification of the exercise.
                (iv) Reports. The simulation must provide feedback to the
training unit by sending reports of simulated events. These reports must be
formatted in a doctrinally correct fashion and occur in a time-appropriate
banner.