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Essay - Effects of Dam Building
Grade 10 Geography
Units 12, 13, 14
Many people have already dammed a small stream using sticks and mud by
the time they become adults. Humans have used dams since early
civilization, because four-thousand years ago they became aware that
floods and droughts affected their well-being and so they began to build
dams to protect themselves from these effects.1 The basic principles of
dams still apply today as they did before; a dam must prevent water from
being passed. Since then, people have been continuing to build and perfect
these structures, not knowing the full intensity of their side effects.
The hindering effects of dams on humans and their environment heavily
outweigh the beneficial ones. The paragraphs below will prove that the
construction and presence of dams always has and will continue to leave
devastating effects on the environment around them.
Firstly, to understand the thesis people must know what dams are. A dam
is a barrier built across a water course to hold back or control water
flow. Dams are classified as either storage, diversion or detention. As
you could probably notice from it's name, storage dams are created to
collect or hold water for periods of time when there is a surplus supply.
The water is then used when there is a lack of supply. For example many
small dams impound water in the spring, for use in the summer dry months.
Storage dams also supply a water supply, or an improved habitat for fish
and wildlife; they may store water for hydroelectricity as well.
A diversion dam is a generation of a commonly constructed dam which is
built to provide sufficient water pressure for pushing water into ditches,
canals or other systems. These dams, which are normally shorter than
storage dams are used for irrigation developments and for diversion the of
water from a stream to a reservoir. Diversion dams are mainly built to
lessen the effects of floods and to trap sediment.
Overflow dams are designed to carry water which flow over thier crests,
because of this they must be made of materials which do not erode. Non-
overflow dams are built not to be overtopped, and they may include earth
or rock in their body. Often, two types of these dams are combined to form
a composite structure consisting of for example an overflow concrete
gravity dam, the water that overflows into dikes of earthfill
construction.
A dam's primary function is to trap water for irrigation. Dams help to
decrease the severity of droughts, increase agricultural production, and
create new lands for agricultural use. Farmland, however, has it's price;
river bottomlands flooded, defacing the fertility of the soil. This
agricultural land may also result in a loss of natural artifacts. Recently
in Tasmania where has been pressure from the government to abandon the
Franklin project which would consume up to 530 sq miles of land listed on
the UN World Heritage register. In the land losses whole communties must
leave everything and start again elsewhere.
The James's Bay Hydroelectric project, hailed to be one of the most
ambitious North American undertaking of dams was another example of the
lands that may be lost. The 12.7 billion scheme was to generate 3 160
megawatts of electricity a day, this power output would be enough to serve
a city of 700 000! One of the largest problems with this dam, is that it
would be built on a region that meant a lot to 10 500 Cree and 7 000 Inuit.
Lands that their ancestors have hunted and lived on for more than 5 000
years will be flooded along with 90% of their trapping lines.6 If this
happened these people must resettle, find a new way of life and face the
destruction of a piece of their heritage if this project is approved.
When a dam is being constructed, the river where it is supposed to be
built on must be drained. This kills much of the life and disrupts the
ecosystem and peaceful being of all the aquatic and terrestrial animals
around it. At fisheries there is a large impact on the fish. The famous
Columbia River saw it's stock of salmon drop considerably after the dams
were built, although there were fish ladders built. The salmon were
unable to swim upstream when it was time for breeding as they usually
did.7
But perhaps it is the plans for the Amazon Basin in Brazil that shows
us how large the side-effects can be. In the city Surinam, in northern
Brazil, Lake Brokopondo was created in 1864 swamping about 580 square
miles of virgin rainforest. Foul smelling gas called hydrogen sulfide was
produced as the trees decomposed. The turbine casings were attacked by the
acidic water and the decay of water allowed a chance for hyacinths to
float on the surface. This did not allow the light to shine through to the
water onto the plants which the fish feeded on. The plants were unable to
perform photosynthesis, and the fish died also because there was a lack of
food. In the lack of sun the waterweeds grew and threaten to create
diseases such as malaria, where the whole lake's ecosystem would die
out.8 Many little animals and plants which were never discoved and may
have had high economic value were tobe lost forever.
There remains a problem with reservoirs which to date hasn't been
solved yet. A reservoir is a to store water, mainly for hydroelectric
power or irrigation. Nearly 10 000 caribou drowned while crossing the
inflated Caniapiscau River in September 1984, because of these reserviors.
The heavy rainfall created enough water to overtop the structure and
caused extra amounts of spillages in the reservoir. The water flooded the
river while the caribou were literally submerged.
The Colarado River, known as the most litigated, controlled and
lesgislated river in the world. People who used to raft there now say it
is very insafe because of the fluctuating surges of water meant to
accomodate when the people use most energy. What was fresh water is now
being converted to salty water because of these reservoirs. The water
standing in the reservoir evaporates when not used and the rest of the
water becomes more salty.10
There is another theory that dams are causing earthquakes, when these
large structures are placed with the mass of the unnatural weight of the
lake near it, this disrupts the Earth's surface and is a new precaution
where before it was never heard of. Many people say that dams protect
people from natural disasters, but there are some which it can intensify.
For instance if an Earthquake happens then, along with cracks in the
ground, buildings falling, there would also be a flood and large pieces of
the broken dam to cope with.
Dams are harming the environment that people live in. What was being
hailed as great accomplishments are now showing signs of great consquence.
The preservation of our environment is the key to the preservation of
people. We cannot exchange money for the deterioration of our own animals,
plants and land. The is the environmental age and humans must respond by
changing their ways and looking at the long-term prospect instead of the
short-term. Until we as the users and protectors of the land can do this,
future of our great human civilization will continue to look grim.
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