FEATURED ESSAYS 1. The History Of Greek Culture 2. Theseus 3. History Of Athens, Greece 4. The Parthenon 5. Theseus Or Hercules? 6. America: The Modern Day Athens 7. A "Golden Age" For Athens? 8. Democracy In Ancient Greece 9. Athens Adn Sparta 10. Themes In Medea 11. Chinese Art 12. Theseus Athens Great Hero 13. Aristotle (384 -322 BC) 14. The Greeks' Contribution To Weste...

A "Golden Age" for Athens?


    The 5th century BCE was a period of great development in Ancient
Greece, and specifically in Athens. The development of so many cultural
achievements within Athens and the Athenian Empire has led scholars to
deem this period a "Golden Age."  It is true that his period had many
achievements, but in the light of the Athenians treatment of women, metics
(non-Athenians living in Athens), and slaves it is given to question
whether or not the period can truly be called "Golden."

	The 5th century and the Athenian Empire gave birth to an amazing
amount of accomplishments. One such accomplishment was the minting of
standard Athenian coins that were used throughout the Athenian holdings as
valid for trade. The use of standard Athenian-minted coins helped the
Athenians establish and maintain control over their empire by helping to
control trade and the economy of the area to the Athenians' benefit.

	Since Athens regularly received tribute from the states it
controlled, Pericles, the leader of Athens, began a building project in
Athens that was legendary. Athens had been sacked by the Persians during
the Persian Wars and Pericles set out to rebuild the city.  The city's
walls had already been rebuilt right after the end of the second Persian
War so Pericles rebuilt temples, public grounds, and other impressive
structures. One of the most famous structures to result from Pericles'
building project was the Parthenon. The Parthenon and other such
structures re-established Athens's glory and while some Athenians
criticized the projects as too lavish, most Athenians enjoyed the benefits
of the program. A major benefit to the Athenian people was that there was
an abundance of work in the polis.

	The 5th century BCE was also an important time for Athenian
thought. "Sophists," paid teachers, taught rhetoric amongst other subjects
to wealthy Athenian citizens. The Sophists were criticized by Athenians
who thought that Sophists were destroying Greek tradition by emphasizing
rationalism over a belief in superstition, however it was this rationalism
that became so important to Greek philosophers such as Socrates and Plato,
both who belonged to the 5th century BCE. The Sophists high regard for
rhetoric was later of great use to citizen addressing the Assembly in the
developing Athenian democracy.

	Athenian democracy is perhaps considered the crowning achievement
of the 5th century BCE. Democracy grew out of the status that poorer
Athenians were gaining as rowers for the ships of the large Athenian fleet.
Since these poorer Athenians now played a large part in the Athenian
military, they ga8ined more say in the Athenian government. This led to a
democratic government where "every male citizen over 18 years was eligible
to attend and vote in the Assembly, which made all the important decisions
of Athens in the 5th century BC_" (Demand 223). This democratic
government is considered by some scholars to show the full enlightenment
of the Athenians in the 5th century BCE.

	This glorious enlightenment seems somehow less enlightening,
however, when one views this period from other than a male Athenian's eyes.
Athenian enlightenment and democracy was by and for male citizens. The
underprivileged of Athens included women, metics and slaves. The position
of Athenian wives in Athenian society is clearly stated by Xenephon in
his Oeconomicus. Ischomacus, a young husband, is conversing with Socrates
about the duties of husband and wife. Ischomacus relates how he explained
to his wife that the duties needed to support a household consisted of
"indoor" and "outdoor" activities. He then explains to his wife, "And
since labor and diligence are required both indoors and outdoors_it seems
to me that the god prepared the woman's nature especially for indoor jobs
and cares and the man's nature for outdoor jobs and concerns." (Spyridakis
206). This is the general attitude that Athenians held toward their wives.
The Athenian wife was expected to marry and bring a dowry into her
husband's house. Although this dowry was attached to the woman, she was in
no way allowed to control the lands and moneys she might bring to her
husband.. Similarly, women were not allowed to vote or take any part in
the Assembly, being seen as unfit for this privilege. The primary function
of a citizen's wife was to take care of domestic affairs and provide the
citizen with an heir. Athenian wives were rarely seen outside of their
houses, for respectable wives had at least one slave who would purchase
needed items at market. Poorer Athenian women were seen at market because
they lacked slaves to run their errands. Women were considered
intellectual non-entities and were treated as such in the Athenian Empire.


	Metics also had a low status in Athenian society. Metics were not
allowed voting privileges in the Athenian democracy, but were compulsed to
serve a specified time in the Athenian military and were taxed by the
Athenians. Metics usually were lower-class tradesmen or craftsmen.
Although some metics families eventually gained wealth, the vast majority
of the metics remained second-class inhabitants of Athens, even though
they performed some of the polis' most activities, such as military
service and trade.

	Slavery was also matter-of-fact in 5th century Athenian life.
Slaves were the property of specific owners and subject to the wishes of
their owners. Like women and metics, slaves had no citizenship rights. It
was possible for a slave to save enough money to buy his freedom, but a
freed slave had only as much status as a metic. Aristotle defended slavery
as necessary and a law of nature, saying in his Politics, "That some
should rule and others should be ruled is not only necessary but
expedient; indeed, from the very moment of birth some are set apart to
obey and others to command." (Spyridakis 62) and also stating that, "He is
by nature a slave who is capable of belonging to another (and therefore
does belong to another) and who has access to reason in that he senses it
and understands it but does not possess it." (Spyridakis 63). Many
Athenians viewed slavery as necessary to society in order to give a
citizen more time to participate in government affairs and other matters
that were viewed as more important than a slave's work. Although some
lower-class Athenians may have been forced to share labor with slaves,
most Athenians did not participate in slave's work. Male slaves did harder
labor such as construction and agriculture. Female slaves ran their
mistress' errands and generally took care of domestic affairs under the
watchful eye of their mistress. Slaves also acted as State scribes. In
short, slaves did much of the work that allowed Athens to prosper in a
period of "enlightenment."

	In light of the unrecognized people who helped to build the
foundations for the Athenian Empire, this "Golden Age" seem far less
golden. However, many major accomplishments grew out of this period as
well. Before one can or cannot place a "Golden Age" label on 5th century
Athens, one must consider other times when the ends of man's
accomplishments may not have justified the means. Athens could be compared
to post- Revolutionary America, where a "democratic" government was only
available to white male citizens. Yet Americans tend to view this time
with much patriotism and pride. Likewise the Industrial Revolution is said
to be a great accomplishment of mankind, but little recognition is given
to the horrible factory conditions that employees, many women and children,
endured. I would say that the 5th century BCE was as much a "Golden Age"
for man as either of the above mentioned time periods. I think that most
of our accomplishments as humans rest on the shoulders of invisible and
overlooked peoples.

Works Cited 

Demand, Nancy. A History of Ancient Greece. New 
York: McGraw-Hill, 1996. 
Spyridakis, Stylianos V. and Bradley P. Nystrom, 
eds., trans. Ancient Greece: Documantary Perspectives. 
Dubuque: Kendall-Hunt, 
1985.