Expanding West- Key Notes

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advance their interests in the city and state.
VII. Tongs
a. A Chinese secret society usually associated with violent criminal activity, opium trade, and prostitution.
i. Few people outside Chinese communities knew of them.

VIII. Sodbusters
a. A term that originated after the instating of the Homestead Act of 1862.
i. This act permitted settlers to buy plots of 160 acres for a small fee if they occupied the land they purchased for five years and improved it. It would give away free farms and be a form of govt. relief for those in need.
b. The term "sodbuster" comes from the fact that the settlers who moved west had to literally bust the sod-filled ground to plant or build anything on the land. They were largely unsuccessful as farmers given the poor quality of the land.
IX. Juan Cortina
a. a Mexican rancher, politician, military leader, outlaw and folk hero. He is famous for leading a paramilitary Mexican force in the First and Second Cortina Wars.
X. Coolies
a. ...

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against Chinese immigrant labor and the Central Pacific Railroad which employed them. Its famous slogan was "The Chinese must go!"

XVI. Chinese Exclusion Acts 1882, 1892, 1902
a. The Act excluded Chinese "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining" from entering the country for ten years under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.
b. The few Chinese non-laborers who wished to immigrate had to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to immigrate, which tended to be difficult to prove.
c. The Act also affected Asians who had already settled in the United States. Any Chinese who left the United States had to obtain certifications ...

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