First Philippic Against Marcus

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even present, acclaiming and chastising. Why does he do this? Cicero makes a valiant, determined attempt to convince the Senate to join powers with him against Marcus Antonius yet at the same time, does he have doubts or fears about speaking against Antonius otherwise why would he be so propitious in his approach?
Cicero starts the speech with a direct address towards the Senators. This establishes who his audience is. Throughout the speech his tone is one of persuasion. His first goal, in giving this speech, is to persuade the Senators that his view and opinions are legitimate by proving his credibility. He shows his concern for justice by stressing what he has done to serve the country and giving a testimony of devotion. “I made no journeys…I did all that was within my power to lay the foundations of peace. I reminded members of the ancient precedent created by the Athenians making use of my oration…and I moved that every memory of our internal discords ...

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through the Assembly of the people…without even consulting the Assembly, and against its wishes. The consuls elect declared they did not dare come into the Senate at all. The liberators…were excluded from the very city which they had rescued from servitude…” Cicero felt that “it was less disagreeable to learn of these things that to see them…” so he left. He could not stand to see this happen so he takes up the opportunity to travel, an honorary mission (legatio libera.) He earns credibility here because he uses Pathos to get them to understand his positions and emotions. They are able to sympathize with Cicero.
He goes on to explain the ...

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